<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:1911_065.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "solMenu"set rect of window "1911_065.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "1911_065.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>2</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>53</left>
<top>246</top>
<right>251</right>
<bottom>394</bottom>
</rect>
<style>transparent</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>1911_064</name>
<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:1911_064.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "solMenu"set rect of window "1911_064.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "1911_064.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>3</id>
<type>field</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<dontWrap> <false /> </dontWrap>
<dontSearch> <false /> </dontSearch>
<sharedText> <false /> </sharedText>
<fixedLineHeight> <false /> </fixedLineHeight>
<autoTab> <false /> </autoTab>
<lockText> <false /> </lockText>
<rect>
<left>356</left>
<top>78</top>
<right>623</right>
<bottom>380</bottom>
</rect>
<style>scrolling</style>
<autoSelect> <false /> </autoSelect>
<showLines> <false /> </showLines>
<wideMargins> <false /> </wideMargins>
<multipleLines> <false /> </multipleLines>
<reservedFamily> 0 </reservedFamily>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>left</textAlign>
<font>Helvetica</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>bold</textStyle>
<textHeight>16</textHeight>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>3</id>
<text> Comet nuclei orbit in a frozen abyss until they are gravitationally perturbed into new orbits that carry them close to the Sun. As a nucleus passes the orbits of the outer planets, the volatile elements of which it is made gradually warm; by the time the nucleus enters the region of the inner planets, these volatile elements are boiling. The nucleus itself is irregular and only a few miles across, and is made principally of water-ice with carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and dust -- materials very similar to those found in the moons of the giant planets. As these materials boil off of the nucleus, they form a coma or cloud-like "head" that can measure tens of thousands of kilometers across. The coma grows as the comet gets closer to the Sun. Charged particles from the Sun -- the Solar Wind -- push on gas molecules, and the pressure of sunlight pushes on the cloud of dust particles, blowing them back like flags in the wind and giving rise to the comet's "tails." Gases and ions are blown directly back from the nucleus, but dust particles are pushed more slowly. As the nucleus continues in its orbit, the dust particles are left behind in a curved arc. Both the gas and dust tails are blown away from the Sun; in effect, the comet chases its tails as it recedes from the Sun. The tails can reach 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) in length, but the total amount of material contained in this dramatic display would fit in an ordinary suitcase. Comets -- from the Latin cometa, meaning "long-haired" -- are essentially dramatic light shows.</text>
</content>
<name>C3</name>
<script>on openCardlock screencolorizeHC "Add","PLANETS:SOLAR:UI_MAC:C03.PIC"unlock screenend openCardon mouseDownInPicture thePicturenoPaintWhiteif thePicture is "1911_065.PIC" thenhide window thePictureclose window thePictureelseif thePicture is "1911_064.PIC" thenhide window thePictureclose window thePictureelse pass mouseDownInPictureend ifresetSystemPaletteloadPalettecolorizeHC "Add","PLANETS:SOLAR:UI_MAC:C03.PIC"end mouseDownInPictureon closeCardspinCursorlock screencolorizeHC "colorFill" -- redraw previous screensunlock screenend closeCardon goEventlock screengo to cd "C1"unlock screenend goEventon goNextlock screengo to cd "C1"unlock screenend goNext</script>
</card>
card_6583.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:1911_073.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "solMenu"set rect of window "1911_073.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "1911_073.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>2</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>53</left>
<top>243</top>
<right>252</right>
<bottom>390</bottom>
</rect>
<style>transparent</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>1911_063</name>
<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:1911_063.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "solMenu"set rect of window "1911_063.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "1911_063.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>3</id>
<type>field</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<dontWrap> <false /> </dontWrap>
<dontSearch> <false /> </dontSearch>
<sharedText> <false /> </sharedText>
<fixedLineHeight> <false /> </fixedLineHeight>
<autoTab> <false /> </autoTab>
<lockText> <false /> </lockText>
<rect>
<left>356</left>
<top>78</top>
<right>623</right>
<bottom>380</bottom>
</rect>
<style>scrolling</style>
<autoSelect> <false /> </autoSelect>
<showLines> <false /> </showLines>
<wideMargins> <false /> </wideMargins>
<multipleLines> <false /> </multipleLines>
<reservedFamily> 0 </reservedFamily>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>left</textAlign>
<font>Helvetica</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>bold</textStyle>
<textHeight>16</textHeight>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>3</id>
<text>Halley's Comet is the most famous example of a relatively short period comet, returning on an average of once every 76 years and orbiting from beyond Neptune to within Venus' orbit. Confirmed sightings of the comet go back to 240 B.C. This regular visitor to our solar system is named for Sir Edmond Halley, because he plotted the comet's orbit and predicted its return, based on earlier sightings and Newtonian laws of motion. His name became part of astronomical lore when, in 1759, the comet returned on schedule. Unfortunately, Sir Edmond did not live to see it. A comet can be very prominent in the sky if it passes comparatively close to Earth. Unfortunately, on its most recent appearance, Halley's Comet passed no closer than 62.4 million kilometers (38.8 million miles) from our world. The comet was visible to the naked eye, especially for viewers in the southern hemisphere, but it was not spectacular. Comets have been so bright, on rare occasions, that they were visible during daytime. Historically, comet sightings have been interpreted as bad omens and have been artistically rendered as daggers in the sky. Several spacecraft have flown by comets at high speed; the first was NASA's International Cometary Explorer in 1985. An armada of five spacecraft (two Japanese, two Soviet and the Giotto spacecraft from the European Space Agency) flew by Halley's Comet in 1986. Additional comet missions are being considered in the United States and abroad. </text>
<text> The outermost members of the solar system occasionally pay a visit to the inner planets. As asteroids are the rocky and metallic remnants of the formation of the solar system, comets are the icy debris from that dim beginning and can survive only far from the Sun. Most comet nuclei reside in the Oort Cloud, a loose swarm of objects in a halo beyond the planets, reaching perhaps halfway to the nearest star. Some comets pass through the solar system only once, but others have their orbits gravitationally modified by a close encounter with one of the giant outer planets. These latter visitors can enter closed elliptical orbits and repeatedly return to the inner solar system. Halley's Comet is the most famous example of a relatively short period comet, returning on an average of once every 76 years and orbiting from beyond Neptune to within Venus' orbit. Confirmed sightings of the comet go back to 240 B.C. This regular visitor to our solar system is named for Sir Edmond Halley, because he plotted the comet's orbit and predicted its return, based on earlier sightings and Newtonian laws of motion. His name became part of astronomical lore when, in 1759, the comet returned on schedule. Unfortunately, Sir Edmond did not live to see it. A comet can be very prominent in the sky if it passes comparatively close to Earth. Unfortunately, on its most recent appearance, Halley's Comet passed no closer than 62.4 million kilometers (38.8 million miles) from our world. The comet was visible to the naked eye, especially for viewers in the southern hemisphere, but it was not spectacular. Comets have been so bright, on rare occasions, that they were visible during daytime. Historically, comet sightings have been interpreted as bad omens and have been artistically rendered as daggers in the sky. Several spacecraft have flown by comets at high speed; the first was NASA's International Cometary Explorer in 1985. An armada of five spacecraft (two Japanese, two Soviet and the Giotto spacecraft from the European Space Agency) flew by Halley's Comet in 1986. Additional comet missions are being considered in the United States and abroad.</text>
<text> The solar system has a large number of rocky and metallic objects that are in orbit around the Sun but are too small to be considered full-fledged planets. These objects are known as asteroids or minor planets. Most, but not all, are found in a band or belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some have orbits that cross Earth's path, and there is evidence that Earth has been hit by asteroids in the past. One of the least eroded, best preserved examples is the Barringer Meteor Crater near Winslow, Arizona. Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the solar system. One theory suggests that they are the remains of a planet that was destroyed in a massive collision long ago. More likely, asteroids are material that never coalesced into a planet. In fact, if the estimated total mass of all asteroids was gathered into a single object, the object would be less than 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) across -- less than half the diameter of our Moon. Thousands of asteroids have been identified from Earth. It is estimated that 100,000 are bright enough to eventually be photographed through Earth-based telescopes. Much of our understanding about asteroids comes from examining pieces of space debris that fall to the surface of Earth. Asteroids that are on a collision course with Earth are called meteoroids. When a meteoroid strikes our atmosphere at high velocity, friction causes this chunk of space matter to incinerate in a streak of light known as a meteor. If the meteoroid does not burn up completely, what's left strikes Earth's surface and is called a meteorite. One of the best places to look for meteorites is the ice cap of Antarctica. Of all the meteorites examined, 92.8 percent are composed of silicate (stone), and 5.7 percent are composed of iron and nickel; the rest are a mixture of the three materials. Stony meteorites are the hardest to identify since they look very much like terrestrial rocks. Since asteroids are material from the very early solar system, scientists are interested in their composition. Spacecraft that have flown through the asteroid belt have found that the belt is really quite empty and that asteroids are separated by very large distances.</text>
<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:1911_015.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "navMenu"set rect of window "1911_015.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "1911_015.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>2</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>52</left>
<top>243</top>
<right>250</right>
<bottom>391</bottom>
</rect>
<style>transparent</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>1911_016</name>
<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:1911_016.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "navMenu"set rect of window "1911_016.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "1911_016.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>3</id>
<type>field</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<dontWrap> <false /> </dontWrap>
<dontSearch> <false /> </dontSearch>
<sharedText> <false /> </sharedText>
<fixedLineHeight> <false /> </fixedLineHeight>
<autoTab> <false /> </autoTab>
<lockText> <false /> </lockText>
<rect>
<left>356</left>
<top>78</top>
<right>623</right>
<bottom>380</bottom>
</rect>
<style>scrolling</style>
<autoSelect> <false /> </autoSelect>
<showLines> <false /> </showLines>
<wideMargins> <false /> </wideMargins>
<multipleLines> <false /> </multipleLines>
<reservedFamily> 0 </reservedFamily>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>left</textAlign>
<font>Helvetica</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>bold</textStyle>
<textHeight>16</textHeight>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>3</id>
<text>The Solar System is located in the disk of our galaxy, the Milky Way, which is thought to contain approximately 100 billion stars. Many of these stars, including our Sun, orbit the center of the Milky Way, much as the planets orbit the Sun. However, the Sun and Solar System are more than 10^17 km from the center of our galaxy, and orbit once every 240 million years.These two pictures are of the center of the Milky Way, as seen from Earth. The upper one, taken in visible light, has many dark blotches; these are dust clouds which block our view of the center at these wavelengths. The bright areas are composed of millions of stars. The lower one shows the same region in infrared light, which is not blocked by the dust, and it reveals many details hidden in the visible light photograph.</text>
<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:INNER.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "navMenu"set rect of window "INNER.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "INNER.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>2</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>54</left>
<top>244</top>
<right>252</right>
<bottom>392</bottom>
</rect>
<style>transparent</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>outer</name>
<script>on mouseUpprepWinpicture "PLANETS:SOLAR:PHOTOS:OUTER.PIC",file,rect,falsenoPaintWhiteclose window "navMenu"set rect of window "OUTER.PIC" to "0,0,640,480" --test the locationnoPaintWhiteshow window "OUTER.PIC"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>3</id>
<type>field</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<dontWrap> <false /> </dontWrap>
<dontSearch> <false /> </dontSearch>
<sharedText> <false /> </sharedText>
<fixedLineHeight> <false /> </fixedLineHeight>
<autoTab> <false /> </autoTab>
<lockText> <false /> </lockText>
<rect>
<left>356</left>
<top>78</top>
<right>623</right>
<bottom>380</bottom>
</rect>
<style>scrolling</style>
<autoSelect> <false /> </autoSelect>
<showLines> <false /> </showLines>
<wideMargins> <false /> </wideMargins>
<multipleLines> <false /> </multipleLines>
<reservedFamily> 0 </reservedFamily>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>left</textAlign>
<font>Helvetica</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>bold</textStyle>
<textHeight>16</textHeight>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>3</id>
<text>SunPeriod of rotation (as seen from Earth): Equator: 26.8 days Solar latitude 30 degrees: 28.2 days Solar latitude 60 degrees: 30.8 days Solar latitude 75 degrees: 31.8 daysInclination of axis: 7 degreesDiameter at equator: 865,500 miles (1,392,600 km)Mass:1.9891 x 10^30 kgVolume:1.414 x 10^18 km^3Density: Average of entire sun: 1.41 g/cm^3 Center: 160 g/cm^3Escape velocity per second:384.0 miles (617.8 km) per secondMean temperature: Core: 27,000,000 degrees F / 15,000,000 degreesC / 15,000,000 K Photosphere:10,430 degrees F / 5,780 degrees C / 6,050 KSurface gravity: 272 m/s^2 27.8 x EarthΓÇÖs gravity</text>
(Multicom)[Mac-PC].iso/pc/solar/solar.hc/BMAP_3586.png){kind=link}
(Multicom)[Mac-PC].iso/pc/solar/solar.hc/PATs.png){kind=link}